科技英语翻译 Homework 01

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Homework Exercise 1

Translate the following passage



Words and expressions:



CAD (Computer-Aided Design) 计算机辅助设计 AI（Artificial Intelligence）人工智能 ROM（Read only Memory）只读存储器

USB（Universal Serial Bus）Intel公司开发的通用串行总线架构 resolution分辨率 scanner扫描仪

driver驱动程序或驱动器 program程序

VLSI（Very Large Scale Integration）超大规模集成电路 compatibility兼容

input device输入设备 integrated circuit集成电路

central processing unit中央处理器 memory内存

microprocessor微处理器

disk drive驱动器 optical disk光盘

liquid crystal display (LCD) 液晶显示器 output device输出设备 modem调制解调器

What Is the Computer Hardware?



Microcomputer hardware consists of devices for input, processing, storage, output and communications.

Input Devices: Input devices are equipment that translates data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process. The most common input devices for microcomputers are the keyboard and the mouse. The keyboard on a computer looks like a typewriter keyboard, but it has additional specialized keys. A mouse is a device that typically rolls on the desktop. It directs the insertion point or cursor on the display screen. A mouse has one or more buttons for selecting commands. It is also used to draw figures.

The system Unit: The system unit is electronic circuitry housed within the computer cabinet. It consists of two main parts:

(1) CPU (central processing unit): It controls and manipulates data to produce information. A microcomputer’s CPU is contained on a single integrated circuit or microprocessor chip. These chips are called microprocessors.



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(2) Memory: It is also known as primary storage, which holds data and program instructions for processing the data. It also holds the processed information. Memory is sometimes referred to as temporary storage because data will be lost if the electrical power to the computer is disrupted or cut off. Data and instructions are held in memory only as long as the electrical power to the computer is on. Memory is located on the system board in the form of tiny memory chips. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage normally refers to the hard disk. It stores permanently. That is, the data and programs remain even after the electrical power is turned off. Secondary storage devices are located outside of the central processing unit, and are typically built into the system unit cabinet.

Apart from hard disk, the most important kinds of secondary storage “media” are U disk and optical disk. U and optical disks are inserted into and removed from their disk drives and are stored separately. The hard disk, by contrast, typically is not removable.

Output Devices: Output devices are pieces of equipment that translate the processed information from the CPU into a form that humans can understand. One of the most important output devices is the monitor, or video display screen, which resembles a TV screen. The quality of monitors has been improved dramatically. Many monitors are liquid crystal displays (LCD) which now offer crisp images and vivid colors. Another important output device is the printer, a device that produces printed paper output. Some printers can also print in color.

Communication Devices: Communication devices send data and programs from one computer or secondary storage device to another. Many microcomputers use modems. This device translates the electronic signals from the computer and transmits them over telephone lines. A modem at the other end of the line then translates the signals for the receiving computer. A modem may be located inside or outside a microcomputer’s system cabinet.

How Microprocessors Work



The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop computer, a server or a laptop. The microprocessor you are using might be a Pentium, a K6, a PowerPC, a Sparc or any of the many other brands and types of microprocessors, but they all do almost the same thing in a very similar way.

If you have ever wondered what the microprocessor in your computer is doing, or if you have ever wondered about the differences between types of microprocessors, then read on. In this article, you will learn how fairly simply a computer does its job through digital logic techniques, whether playing a game or checking spelling of a document.

A microprocessor, also known as a CPU or central processing unit, is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, which was introduced in 1971. The 4004 was not very powerful ― all it could do was add and subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a time. But it was amazing that everything was on one chip. Before the 4004, engineers built computers either from collections of chips or from discrete components (transistors wired one at a time), which means transistors were wired one at a time.

The first microprocessor to bring computer home was the Intel 8086, a complete 8-bit computer on one chip, introduced in 1974. The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the



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market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around 1982). If you are familiar with the PC market and its history, you know that the PC market moved from the 8088 to the 80286 to the 80386 to the 80486 to the Pentium to the Pentium II to the Pentium III to the Pentium 4. All of these microprocessors are made by Intel and all of them are improvements on the basic design of the 8088. The Pentium 4 can carry on any piece of code that ran on the original 8088, but it does it about 5,000 times faster!

As the basic and central component of the computer, the differences between the different processors that Intel has introduced over the years show the footprints of technology. The size of the processor decides the size of computer. Want a mini-computer? Work on processor!

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