工程学科学习方法与思路总结

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一、思想上和行动上高度统一，重视习题课和课后作业的不可替代性 One, the thought and the motion of uniform height, take exercise class and homework is irreplaceable

在师生的双向教学活动中，优化且准确的信息反馈，能使教师及时准确地了解学生的学习情况，从而有效地调整、控制教学进程和教学活动。[1]课表中并没有专门规定要上习题课，但教学实践证明，学生学习的反馈方式多种多样，习题课和指导学生课后作业是培养学生灵活运用所学知识、对概念加深理解的重要环节，它提供了课堂讨论的机会，能综合地反映出学生在学习过程中出现的问题，调动学生的积极性和灵活运用知识的能力，同时也是学以致用、理论联系实际、对所学理论知识加深理解、巩固和熟练的学习过程，对学生的综合能力培养起着重要的作用。习题课对学生思维的锻炼是单纯讲课无法代替的。所以尽管面临学时压缩的困难，笔者仍坚持安排上习题课，习题课体现在每学期初每个教师根据各自的课程表填写的教学进程计划表中。教学经历也证明，把时间和精力花费在上好习题课和指导作业上是十分值得的。要使学生把听来的、看来的知识变成自己的，不经过他们亲自在实践中消化、运用甚至犯错误的过程是无法实现的，同时也更好地遏制和扭转了眼高手低、理论易懂、习题难做的局面。

In the teachers' and students' two-way teaching activities, optimization and accurate information feedback, enabling teachers to timely and accurate

understanding of the learning of students, thereby effectively adjust, control the teaching process and teaching activities. [1] schedule and no special provision to exercise class, but in teaching practice, students' feedback in a variety of styles, and guide the students' homework exercises lesson is to train students to use the knowledge of flexible concept, deepen the understanding of the important link, it provides the opportunity for class discussion, which can comprehensively reflect the student in the process of learning problems, arouse students' enthusiasm and ability of flexible application of knowledge, but also learn in order to practise, linking theory with practice, to learn the theoretical knowledge to deepen understanding, consolidate and skilled in the learning process, the students comprehensive ability plays an important role in training. Exercise class on students' thinking exercise is a simple class can not be replaced. So despite the time compression difficulties, the author still

adhere to the arrangement of exercise class, exercise class embodied in at the beginning of each semester each teachers according to their schedule to fill in the table of teaching schedule. Teaching experience proves, put the time and effort spent on a good exercise class and homework are worth. To enable students to hear it, knowledge into their own, not after they personally in the practice of digestion, using even fallible process cannot be achieved, but also better and reverse the theory have grandiose aims but puny abilities, understand, exercise difficult situation.

二、联系工程实际，认真精选题目，讲求一题多解，能够举一反三


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Two, in engineering practice, carefully selected topics, seeking solutions to a problem, to be able to infer other things from one fact

习题课教学虽然以讲解习题为主，但不能仅追求习题的数量，更要强调习题的质量。要严防题海战术。现在的大学生往往就怕作业布置得多。要联系工程实际，选出具有代表性和典型性的习题，通过讲解一道题可以懂得这一类题的求解方法。既能起到加深理解所学概念、定理、定律的作用，又能让学生感受到所学知识的有用性，提高兴趣。比如：讲授弯曲内力习题时，往往选取火车的轮轴、车削工件等工程实例的受力情况来进行讲解。并且通过根据受力图利用微分方程来画剪力图和弯矩图这种方法，懂得所有的弯曲变形内力图的画法，能够举一反三。[2]同时，一道题目采用不同的求解方法，有利于拓宽学生的解题思路。追求一题多解是培养和训练发散性思维的很好形式，从不同角度、不同方法观察解决问题，其特点是思路开阔，不拘一格，便于活跃思想，发散思维。比如：上述画内力图的方法就有好多种：可以利用截面法求出不同段上的内力方程，再利用方程来画内力图；可以利用微分关系来画内力图；也可以利用快速作图法来画内力图。对于汇交力系合成和分解的问题，既可以用解析法，又可以用几何法。[3]在学完理论力学之后，对于同一道题，可以利用动量定理、动量矩定理、动能定理或者机械能守恒定理等多种方法来求解。通过对多种解题方法进行比较分析，不仅可以把所学理论知识掌握得更扎实，理解得更透彻，运用得更灵活，而且可以得出问题最简单、最方便的解决方法，起到温故知新、融会贯通的作用。经常开展一题多解的分析讨论和求解，有助于培养学生的创新性思维，提升创新能力，培养创新人才。http://www.gthdymx.cn/

Exercise teaching though to explain the exercise mainly, but not only the

pursuit of exercise amount, want to emphasize the exercise quality. To prevent the title sea tactics. College students are now often do homework than. To engineering practice, elected representative and typical exercises, through explaining a problem to be able to understand this kind of problem solving method. As to deepen the understanding of the concept, theorem, law effect, but also can make students feel the learning effectiveness, enhance interest. For example: teaching the bending internal force exercises, often choose train wheel, turning workpiece engineering examples to explain the force. And according to the force by using differential equations to draw the shear diagram and bending moment diagram this method, know all the bending

internal force diagram, to infer other things from one fact. [2] at the same time, a topic with different solving methods, is conducive to broaden students' problem solving ideas. The pursuit of the solutions to a problem is the

education and training of divergent thinking in good form, from different angles, different methods of observation to solve the problem, its characteristic is open-minded, easy not to stick to one pattern, active thinking, divergent

thinking. For example: the drawing internal force chart method there are a lot of kinds: can use section method for different section internal force equation, and then using the equation to draw internal force diagram; can use differential relations to draw internal force diagram; can also use the fast mapping method to draw internal force diagram. For concurrent force system synthesis and

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