英语论文引用技巧

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Example 2:

Original

Current political and economic incentives favor industry and other interest groups at the expense of health: consider the subsidies paid for corn-based agriculture and mass-produced processed foods, the tobacco revenue generated in countries with a government-owned tobacco industry, industrial

growth in the face of environmental pollution, and the spread of the sedentary automobile-and-television culture.

(Source: Venkat Narayan, K.M., Ali, M.K., and Koplan, J. (2010, September 23). Global

noncomunicable diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Acceptable Paraphrase

Researchers point out that in

attempting to implement economic growth, industry is often favored over health: government may subsidize certain forms of agriculture and food production, contribute to tobacco consumption in nations where it owns the industry and otherwise promote growth of industries that pollute. (Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011).

Strategies used to paraphrase:

Synonyms: industrial growth=growth of industries

Sentence Structure:.... generated in...=...contribute to...=...promote... the subsidies paid for=subsidize certain forms of Voice: consider...=Researchers point out that ....

Clauses & phrases and vice versa:at the expense of health=be favored over health Parts of speech:economic incentives=economic growth

Example 3:

Original

The prevalence and impact of non-communicable diseases continue to grow. Chronic diseases

account for 60% of all deaths worldwide, and 80% of these deaths occur in low-or middle-income countries, where the toll is disproportionate during the prime productive years of youth and middle age. (Source: Venkat Narayan, K.M., , Ali, M.K., and Koplan, J. (2010, September 23). Global

noncomunicable diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Acceptable Paraphrase

The increasing spread of

non-communicable diseases can be seen in figures that show these diseases are responsible for 60% of all deaths on the planet, and that in countries where the population is primarily of low or middle income, the impact is greatest, often focusing on those who are young or middle-aged (Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011).

Strategies used to paraphrase:

Synonyms: worldwide= on the planet；

The prevalence and impact of =The increasing spread of


Sentence Structure: account for= be responsible for Voice: ,where...=that in countries where

Clauses & phrases and vice versa:80% of these=be primarily of Parts of speech:low-or middle-income=low or middle income middle age. =middle-aged

Example 4 - using multiple strategies to paraphrase:

Original

We do not yet understand all the ways in which brain chemicals are related to

emotions and thoughts, but the salient point is that our state of mind has an immediate and direct effect on our state of body.

(Source: Siegel, B. (1986). Love, Medicine and Miracles (p. 69). New York: Harper and Row.)

Acceptable Paraphrase #1 Siegel (1986) writes that although the relationship between brain chemistry and thoughts and feelings is not fully understood, we do know that our

psychological state affects our physical state.

Acceptable Paraphrase #2 Siegel (1986) writes that the relationship between the

chemicals in the brain and our thoughts and feelings remains only partially understood. He goes on to say, however, that one thing is clear: our mental state affects our bodily state.

Strategies used to paraphrase (#1):

Synonyms: our state of body=our physical state brain chemicals= brain chemistry Sentence Structure: ...but...=although..., Voice: the salient point is that= we do know that

Clauses & phrases and vice versa:be related to = the relationship between...and... Parts of speech:affect=have effects on

Strategies used to paraphrase (#2):

Synonyms: brain chemicals =the chemicals in the brain our state of body=our bodily state Sentence Structure: ...but...=，however，

Voice: do not yet understand all the ways =remains only partially understood Clauses & phrases and vice versa:our state of mind =our mental state Parts of speech:our state of body=our bodily state

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